Buddhism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Buddhism - Research Paper Example This article investigates the Buddhism. The featuring point was not to supplicate yet to have control at the forefront of one's thoughts. In such manner, it was more viewed as world way of thinking instead of as religion. Be that as it may, with relaxing, it acquired the character of a religion comprehensive of ceremonies and authoritative opinions. (Keown, p. 23 ) The existence history of Gautama Buddha was loaded with occasions. The best organization that Lord Buddha perceived during his life expectancy was the religious request called Sangha into which all men were allowed to go in independent of their social request. The individuals from this ascetic request, Sangha, were called as Bhikkus which implied poor people, who needed to have an extreme life, without having any sort of wants. The every day needs of the Bhikkus were exceptionally restricted, they get just that much which is important for one to endure genuinely. Their lone possessions were a beseeching bowl, undergarment of yellow shading, one strolling stick, when and any place if essential and one sets of sea shore shoes for the ones who need the most. They needed to keep up themselves by the contributions they got yet were denied from expressly arguing for charity. On the off chance that the donations were given energetically, at that point they have to get acknowledged and if no t given readily the Bhikkus need to move their center onto the following location. Subsequently it ended up being a little ministry, yet which was not at all like its Hindu coordinating part which did not depend on social gathering and was inclined towards the exercises of the minister instead of concentrating on the introduction and upkeep of ceremonies. (Smith and Novak, pp. 40-45; Keown, pp. 23 ) During the lifetime of Lord Buddha, the start of Buddhism from different sorts of dedication which made up Hinduism was pretty much complete. This took the blueprint of non-affirmation of any exemplified Gods or Goddesses, spirits or malice spirits and the close to absence of ceremonies and customs, refusal of the class framework and the amazing follower demonstration of priests which comprised portrayal of cultural assistance with the point of moderation of human agony. Another important element was that in starting stages, all supporters of Lord Buddha were enlisted as the individuals from Sangha and hence it was completely a religion of the devotees. (Smith and Novak, pp. 40-45; Keown, pp. 25-30 ) From its start, Buddhism has recognized illustrious gift. In the whole lifetime of Lord Buddha, Ajatashatru was the leader of one of the most remarkable realm of North India called Magadha where Buddhism was belittled and following hardly any years where Lord Buddha achieved Nirvana (the Salvation), the chief strict board of trustees of Buddhists was being held at Rajagriha, which was, by then, the capital of Magadha, managed by Ajatashatru. Such gatherings were the point to plan and reconsider Buddhist strict strategy which was

 Oedipus Complex in Sons and Lovers

Sigmund Freud presented two speculations, one is Oedipus intricate and other is Electra complex. Sigmund Freud's hypothesis, the Oedipus complex takes its name from the Greek play Oedipus Rex. In the play Oedipus is forecasted to kill his dad, wed his mom and have intercourse with her and he does this accidentally. The solid fascination of a kid to the parent of the other gender and envy or envious emotions toward the parent of a similar sex that might be a wellspring of grown-up character issue when uncertain. This fascination in a kid for mother is called Oedipus complex and The female rendition is known as the Electra complex.D. H Lawrence was very much aware of Freud's hypothesis. In Sons and Lovers, D. H Lawrence utilizes the Oedipus perplexing as its base for investigating Paul's relationship with his mom. Paul is an excessive amount of pulled in to his mom and their adoration regularly verges on sentimental want. D. H Lawrence composes ordinarily in the novel about their conne ction and they go past the limits of regular mother child love. Paul loathes his dad and frequently fantasizes about his demise and adores her mom and along these lines he finishes the Oedipus condition in the novel. D. H.Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers is the most solid and noteworthy case of Freud’s Oedipus complex in present day writing. Hu Junjie, a Freudian clinician composes that Lawrence is one of the most unique, pragmatist and questionable English scholars of the cutting edge writing and twentieth century. The principle subject of his composing was connection among man and lady. His work Lady Chatterley’s Lover was dismissed by his contemporary English society and it depended on topic if obscene nature. In any case, in D. H Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers Oedipus complex is the predominant theme.The complex here primarily moves around hero Paul and his mother’s dealings or connection. The Oedipus complex starts to show up in William and Paul is exam plified in the connection between their folks. The young men witness a fruitless and oppressive marriage in which Walter Morel regularly returns home alcoholic in the wake of squandering the family’s pay on betting. He doesn't care for suppers within the sight of family. He manhandles his Mrs. Young men notice this and they start to despise their dad and be thoughtful and defensive towards their mom. The youngsters see their mom great and pure.She hushes up about her children all and protected from their dad. Along these lines Gertrude Morel is unknowingly shaping her children into her wants, so with the progression of time they can replace her better half. Most likely their marriage was their own decision however now she is obviously miserable in her marriage and now she attempts to live vicariously through her children. This is the essential inspiration that permits the oedipal connection to frame in the two young men. William is the most seasoned and the mother’s mo st loved child. He thoroughly takes care of her mother’s delight. He purchases two egg cups from the reasonable for his mother.Sibling contention exists in the two siblings, William and Paul, as they go after their mother’s love. Mrs. Morel doesn't care for his female sidekicks and gets envious and he at last moves to London. William’s this activity of moving to London was his oblivious method of attempting to break free from the oedipal connection to his mom. In London, Mr. William meets a lovely young lady named Lily. They become nearer companions yet Mr. William is disturbed and he has a misanthropic demeanor towards her. It is exceptionally certain that Lily doesn't have the great characteristics he finds in his mom and it irritates and disappoints him.William shows exemplary side effects of disappointment. At the point when Mr. William voices his disappointment with Lily and his mom requests that he reevaluate wedding her. He answers, †Oh well, I†™ve gone too far to even think about breaking it off now†. All these tangled minutes and emotions that William is encountering are an indication of his obvious battle to get free himself of the oedipal complex then William in the long run becomes ill and bites the dust. After William’s demise, Paul has his spot and becomes mother’s top choice. This activity propels to think an individual that she may thought of him as a suitor.This is demonstrated when she acknowledges a container of fragrance from him. She said â€Å"Pretty! † in an odd tone or in a doodads way, Lawrence says, â€Å"Of a lady tolerating an affection token†. At the point when Paul comes to at sixteen years old to twenty (adulthood), it is clear the Oedipus complex has taken him over (part 3). His relationship with his dad is distorted and he gets envious of him. He despises his dad to an extreme and He even asks his mom not to lay down with the dad any longer. Youthful Paul meets Miriam Leivers, he enjoys her and he is rehashing the equivalent misanthropic conduct like his sibling William did with Lily.He imagines that he would sell out his mom by adoring her. In any case, the possibility that Paul is keen on somebody other than his mom demonstrates an endeavor to break the oedipal complex he has. However, the mother thwarts this endeavor by causing him to feel blameworthy for needing to be with miss Miriam. She says, â€Å"I can't manage it, I could let another lady, however not her. She’d leave me no room, no room. What's more, I’ve never you know Paul, I’ve never had a spouse, not so much. † The mother showed a similar conduct with William by being envious of his female buddies and is presently being forced on Paul.Gertrude Morel strengthens the Oedipus complex inside Paul by choking out him and in a slippery manner requesting that he supplant her better half. Paul and Mariam’s connection presently diminished to fellowsh ip. Paul needs to stifle his sentimental emotions that he may have for her, so she won't supplant his mother’s place. Later in the novel we run over that Paul becomes genuinely private with Miriam yet it is fleeting in light of the fact that Paul won't wed her. It additionally shows that Paul experiences a dread of closeness and undertaking as he keeps on remaining sincerely disengaged from Miriam.Paul, by and by yields to the oedipal connection for his mom. Paul has an issue with a wedded yet isolated lady named of Clara Dawes. According to Clara Paul permits himself to have this relationship since he is very much aware that practically this relationship can never go anyplace. Clara could never be separated from her better half. That’s why Clara isn't a danger to Paul’s oedipal complex to his mom. There is no danger of her assuming his mother’s position. Gertrude morel currently turns out to be sick, she feels torment and Paul gives her morphine.But at l ong last he deliberately overdoses of morphine to her, which prompts her passing and decreased her sufferings. This is an instance of willful extermination, this activity of murdering his mom was a cognizant method to diminish her sufferings yet unknowingly he discharges himself Oedipus complex for the last time. Paul, after her mother’s passing, is crushed and alone. Much time has passed Miriam still needs to be with Paul yet he won't. It implies that significantly after his mother’s passing he is as yet not liberated from his connection to her mom since he decides to be alone.The undesirable relationship with his mom is as yet present in Paul’s life. End: No uncertainty throughout the entire existence of brain research countless masterminds are impacted by Freud’s perspective on sexuality. to some broaden Some of his devotees appear to make their work behind the foundation of Freudian sex speculations. In any case, these speculations have been losing th eir intrigue alongside modernization of brain science. Joseph Jastrow an adherent of Freud says that Freud’s Oedipus complex is an obscene and insufficient idea. It’s difficult to track down any cause or base of this claim.After steady investigation we are capable only to realize that it is only an outcome of Freud’s inventive analysis dependent on his own notion that needs proof. In any case, we can't set it aside that it is a historical novel. D. H Lawrence cherishes her mom yet not his dad. On the off chance that we arrive at the finish of Paul’s case, we find that his Oedipus complex and its causes are as of now obvious to us. Paul develops in a harsh domain and he has not gotten a typical grown-up by getting over certain issues. That isn't simply because of his mother’s irregular maternity.There are numerous other explanation; a few issues with the guardians, some with himself, some with his siblings, even some from the general public and the mechanical progress, all these lead to the family disaster and twisting of character and annihilate people’s solid improvement on spirits. Presently we can understand and perceive that Paul’ connection with mother is the result of numerous bizarre and irregular causes which are incomplete, remarkable and individual instead of all inclusive. We can say that it isn't regular or characteristic for the individuals living in a solid family and condition to have such bizarre and complex passionate issues.

Commercially Available Testing Tools Free Essays

When an application has been created, the engineers must exhibit that it plays out the errands for which it was structured precisely, dependably and with satisfactory execution. For this to be satisfied broad testing must be done and apparatuses have been worked to help with this procedure. Engineers have fabricated various kinds of hardware for tending to various parts of a similar general issue. We will compose a custom exposition test on Industrially Available Testing Tools or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now The significance of legitimate testing to identify the same number of blunders as practically potential has been driven by the expansion of vindictive or criminal expectation with respect to engineers that produce applications with capacities that encourage extortion or other crime (a particular hazard to the money related industry). This issue has been tended to by European Community Legislation, expanding the onus on programming engineers to show that they found a way to guarantee an application was liberated from abandons and reasonable for the reason for which it was created. Inability to do so could leave the designer at risk to be sued by anybody have has brought about a misfortune in any business because of programming breakdown. The fundamental kinds of hardware that have come about as an incomplete consequence of this are portrayed underneath. There are countless trying apparatuses that are accessible, however they all work in totally different manners. The fundamental sorts of testing classifications are portrayed underneath. Devices that investigate source code without executing experiments, however in inferring experiments for the product to be tried. There are three distinct sorts utilized in industry that are depicted underneath: Code based testing devices acknowledge source code as information and play out various examinations that bring about the age of experiments. This sort of mechanized apparatus can separated in to four further classes. The first are Code analysers that assess test modules naturally for legitimate punctuation; proclamations are then featured where the sentence structure isn't right, if development is mistake inclined or if a thing is indistinct. The subsequent class is Structure checkers where modules are submitted as info and a chart produced, delineating the pecking order of modules and apparatuses check for auxiliary defects, for instance, deciding the area of circles and branches and how they are utilized inside the framework. The third sort are Data analysers which survey information structures, information affirmations and module interfaces, and notes ill-advised linkage between modules, clashing information definitions and illicit information use. The last kind are Sequence checkers where groupings of occasions are checked and stamped whenever coded in wrong arrangement. Particular testing dialects empower a product specialist to compose point by point test details that depict each experiment and the coordinations for its execution. A case of one of these dialects is Prolog, that is explicitly utilized for experiment age. Necessities based testing devices disconnect explicit client prerequisites and recommend experiments (or classes of tests) that will practice the prerequisites. Devices that examine source code during execution of experiments by connecting with a program as it is executing and checking the way inclusion, test attestations about the estimation of explicit factors and in any case instrumenting the execution stream of the program. They can be either nosy or non-meddlesome. A meddlesome apparatus changes the product to be tried by embeddings additional guidelines or ‘probes† that play out the exercises referenced previously. A non-meddlesome instrument utilizes a different equipment processor that runs in corresponding with the processor containing the program that is being tried. Frameworks can be hard to test in light of the fact that few equal tasks are being done simultaneously, which is particularly valid for constant frameworks. In this manner it is hard to envision the conditions and create delegate test conditions. Be that as it may, dynamic test apparatuses can catch a condition of occasions during the execution of a program as are regularly called program screens, since they watch and report the conduct of the program. The elements of the screen are to list the occasions a submodule is called or a line of code is executed. These insights tell analyzers if the experiments have proclamation inclusion. Another capacity is to write about whether a choice point has fanned every which way, giving data about branch inclusion. Framework execution data is likewise given, including measurements about specific factors e. g. their first worth, last worth, least and most extreme qualities. Breakpoints can be characterized for the framework, so when a variable accomplishes or surpasses a particular worth, the test device reports the event. A few apparatuses will stop when breakpoints are reached with the goal that the analyzer can inspect the substance of memory or explicit information things, as it is conceivable to change esteems as the test advances. Any data caught during the test can be utilized to give data about control stream. Another mechanized instrument, analysers, are like screens, then again, actually they can likewise assess caught information to recommended standards. A test inclusion analyser records the quantity of every announcement executed during a test step and tells us if certain schedules or proclamations are not executed. A planning analyser works with predefined territories or memory or code and tracks the measure of time spent in every territory as framework capacities are performed. This sort of following can be valuable during execution testing when timing prerequisites are checked. Apparatuses that reproduce elements of equipment or different facades by introducing to a framework all attributes of a framework or gadget without really having the framework/gadget accessible. This is especially helpful if another organization is growing piece of a framework; this part can be mimicked to permit you to test your own part. The test system can once in a while be more helpful than the gadget itself as all information with respect to the devices’ state all through the test can be put away, supporting in blunder area. Test systems additionally help with pressure and volume testing, since it tends to be modified to stack the framework with generous measures of information, solicitations or clients. For the most part, test systems give command over the test conditions, permitting you to perform tests that may somehow or another be risky or unimaginable. Test the executives apparatuses are utilized to control and co-ordinate testing for every one of the significant testing steps. Devices in this classification oversee and co-ordinate relapse testing, perform correlations that learn contrasts among real and expected yield and lead cluster testing of projects with intuitive human-PC interfaces. Notwithstanding the capacities noted above, many test the executives apparatuses likewise fill in as conventional test pilots. A test pilot understands at least one experiments from a testing document, designs the test information to fit in with the requirements of the product under test, and afterward conjures the product to be tried. The C/S condition requests specific testing apparatuses that activity the graphical UI and the system interchanges necessities for customer and server. This classification can be sub-partitioned into the accompanying capacities: Reverse building to particular apparatuses which take source code as information and produce graphical organized investigation and configuration models, ‘where-used’ records and other structure data. Code rebuilding and investigation devices that break down program linguistic structure, produce a control stream diagram and naturally create an organized program. On-line framework reengineering apparatuses which are utilized to adjust on-line database frameworks. A large number of the above instruments are constrained to explicit programming dialects, albeit most significant dialects are tended to and require some level of communication with the product engineer. Cutting edge opposite and forward designing instruments will utilize man-made consciousness procedures, applying an information base that is application area explicit, I. e. a lot of deterioration decides that would apply to all projects in a specific application region. The AI part will aid framework disintegration and recreation, however will in any case require cooperation with a product engineer all through the reengineering cycle. A few testing helps can be consolidated into one robotized apparatus; a test outfit is a checking framework that tracks test input information, passes it to the program or framework being tried and records the subsequent yield. A test outfit can likewise contrast real and expected yield and report any disparities. Most test tackle instruments are condition explicit by the idea of the procedure. Test informational collection generators can produce test informational indexes got from the prerequisites demonstrating process. Utilized related to test bridles they will give a formal recorded test condition. As a rule a mix of the above instruments will improve chances that a conveyed application plays out the undertakings expected accurately and dependably. All testing devices create a lot of data about an applications structure. This data must be deciphered and used to identify and correct unobtrusive rationale and structure blunder. There is a lot of enthusiasm for delivering computerized support for this understanding procedure; to pinpoint conceivable issue zones and recommend further lines of examination. Except for Interpreters, that are still being developed, the above classifications of testing apparatuses are accessible monetarily. There are an enormous number of items accessible delivered by a wide range of organizations, so two contextual analyses have been chosen to give an impression of the testing devices financially accessible. Where conceivable, the classification of testing instruments as depicted over that every item fits into has been included sections after the item name. The present items accessible from this French organization are focused on UI testing and there are three pr

An Examination of Imagery Across Genres The Tragedy and The Epic - Literature Essay Samples

A tool consistently employed by the Greeks was that of imagery, and within the genre of tragedy and the epic they have demonstrated their mastery of the device. Imagery within tragedy adds a necessary and otherwise unattainable sub-story to the play through symbolism, while within the epic it enables the reader to fully comprehend the text with thorough description. The Oresteia, for instance, is flooded with symbolic imagery. Within the first two plays, The Agamemnon and The Libation Bearers, such visual and tactile language serves several purposes. There are multiple ways in which it adds depth, the first being a sense of the severity that it lends to the curse on the House of Atreus. It specifically accomplishes this aim with the ubiquitous image of blood; throughout both plays the reader understands that blood is inextricably-and appropriately-linked with this cycle of murder. From him deep in the nerve is given the love and the blood drunk, that before the old wound dries, it bl eeds again (emphasis added), (Agamemnon, 1477-80) Clytaemestra claims after she murders Agamemnon; she is quite obviously referring to the power of the cycle of violence that claims her family. This insight also surfaces in The Libation Bearers, where the Chorus laments, Through too much glut of blood drunk by our fostering ground the vengeful gore is caked and hardswarming infection boils within (LB, 66-70). This is a stunningly lucid piece of imagery that fully relays both the historical reality of this curse and its dire consequences. Such visual language conveys the curses absolute inescapability and destructiveness-this rich imagery is essential for the reader to understand the full brutality of this cycle of death. Imagery also works to reveal Clytaemestras true character through the symbolism of the often-mentioned net. The connotations of the net-entrapment and deceit-illuminate her genuine nature before she exposes it herself. Within her first address she says Had [he] tak en all the wounds the tale whereof was carried home to me, he had been cut full of gashes like a fishing net (Aga, 866-8); this introduces the symbol. Later, her malice is more evident, as she lays tapestries for her husbands arrival (which visually picks up on the theme of the laid net) that efficiently parallels the entrapment of her scheme: Strew the ground before his feet with tapestriesa crimson path (Aga, 911). As demonstrated by this statement, Clytaemestras veiled intentions echo the veiled conflict of The Agamemnon; although Clytaemestras antagonism is kept hidden, it slips through the cracks of dialogue in the form of potent symbolism: the act of laying the bloodred tapestries is an ominous portent that betrays Clytaemestras malicious mindset. The fluidity of symbolism can be observed within the net imagery, as it easily transforms itself-into a noose, snake, or robes-all while maintaining its meaning of entrapment. The imagery in The Eumenides is similarly involved. The s urface story-Orestes sentencing-is simply a distraction from the complex underlying conflict: the power struggle between the Erinyes and the Olympian gods, elucidated, of course, by imagery. This device at first lends an insight into the Erinyes perspective: The hunted beast has slipped clean from our nets and gone (147). In addition to providing a unification of the three books with the mention of the net, this piece of imagery establishes the feeling of being cheated that the Erinyes feel not only in respect to Orestes, but in response to the shifting deistic power balance. It is this more subtle power struggle that is the deeper meaning of the text, but without the light and dark imagery within the play it would be challenging to entirely grasp. The Erinyes describe themselves as spurned, outcast from gods, driven apart to stand in light not from the sun (E, 385-6), and often make references to darkness: Night, hear me, o Night, mother (E, 845). They are thus established as a da rk power, coming into conflict with the Olympian deities light power-this light/dark conflict reflects the gods power struggle. They argue for what they claim is their rightful authority over familial murder: So the immortals must hold hands off, nor is there one who shall sit at our feasting. For sheer white robes I have no right and no portion (E, 347-52). They are arguing for the separation of authority; just as they do not presume to hold power in Olympian matters (signaled by the sheer white robes), they should be the only authority in matters of family conflict-their own earthly matters. This is especially apparent in a following piece of imagery: Mens illusions in their pride under the sky melt down, and are diminished into the ground, gone before the onset of our black robes, pulsing our vindictive feet against them (E, 386-71). One can imagine the authority melting from the sky (echoing the dripping blood image from Agamemnon and Libation Bearers which tied in with the very same subject: cyclical familial murder) and reaching the ground, which is the domain of the Furies. Their imagery-sated argument provides a firm resonance to their expressed fear of losing their authority in the divine world altogether. Lastly, imagery provides a conclusion to the cycle of murder presented in the previous books. References that recall the dripping blood from Libation Bearers and Agamemnon, such as the vindictive poison dripping deadly out of my heart upon the ground (E, 782-4) or spill the dripping rain of death (E, 802)-the latter of which directly recalls Clytaemestras speech following the death of Agamemnon-instantly pulls one back into the mindset of the cyclical murders. It is within this final chapter, however, that this cycle is resolved; the dark, bloodied imagery of the Erinyes gives way to the light, benevolent imagery of the Eumenides: faced with luminous evidence of Zeus (E, 797), they are offered a place of [their] ownwith shining chairs (E, 804-6). The light imagery continues with the Furies eventual response: I speak this prayer for them that the suns bright magnificence shall break out wave on wave of all the happiness life can give (E, 921-5). The light has overcome the dark and bloody; the curse of Atreus has been resolved. The plays imagery has thus effectively conveyed the course of true events more clearly than the dialogue itself. Sophocles Antigone also represents an incorporation of imagery. Within the text, living corpse imagery exists to provide an insight to Antigones psyche, especially when one considers the implications of Antigone essentially being buried alive in, in her own words, a tomb, bridal chamber, prison forever (E, 891). When one recalls an earlier thought of Antigones-It will be good to die, doing so. I shall lie by his side, loving himforever (A, 72-76)-this symbol is, however disturbingly, illuminated, tying in both her desire for death in order to be with her family and her familys tradition of incest. Another prevalent piece of imagery is that of the dust of the earth and the moisture of Polyneices body. We brushed off all the dust that lay upon the dead mans body, heedfully leaving it moist and naked (A, 408-10). The connotations of this moisture have several meanings; there is an implicit attachment of the moisture of his body and the libations poured by Antigone ([Antigone] brought thirsty dust to the body; from a shapely brazen urnpoured a triple stream of funeral offerings; and crowned the corpse (A, 430-3)). The phrase thirsty dust appears several times throughout the play (for example at lines 248 and 430)-this suggests the thirst of the earth itself for the death of Oedipus family members, inflicted by the curse on his line; only death can quench such a thirst. The Oresteia and Antigone by virtue of their symbolic imagery emerge as complex and multi-layered works-the interplay of images and symbols grant it a multi-faceted significance that surfaces in each book. In each play, a story of sorts is created solely out of the imagery that glimmers beneath the surface dialogue. Imagery within a different genre-the epic-serves quite another purpose. Here, it is not symbolic imagery that is emphasized, but rather elaborate description. As opposed to a sub-story, imagery within epics serves to clarify the events of the surface-and only-story. Within epics, the reader is often given a sketch of an event; the imagery provided fills in the specific detail. Fittingly, the execution of imagery within epics is also very different from that of tragedy. This is best observed within Homers The Iliad, where tertium comparationis runs rampant in the form of the simile. Each instance of simile, though seemingly redundant, precisely describes the less tangible components of a situation; as the text sets up the situation (generally warrior/s from the Greek army attacking warrior/s from the Trojan army), the imagery fills in the emotional nuances-the aggression , fear, and predatory instincts of each party within each unique conflict. A fitting example of such simile can be found in Book Sixteen: So these lords of the Danaans killed each his own man. They as wolves make havoc among lambs or young goats in their fury, catching them out of the flocks, when the sheep separate in the mountains through the thoughtlessness of the shepherd, and the wolves seeing them suddenly snatch them away, and they have no heart for fighting; so the Danaans ravaged the Trojans (XVI, 351-7). What helps to define this imagery-like all the similes in the poem-is its setting: Patroclus, wearing Achilleus armor, is turning the tide of the battle to favor the Achaians. The animal characterization of Trojans as separated sheep perfectly encapsulates their terrified confusion in the face of this horrifying threat, and they quickly lose spirit. The characterization of a wolf on the part of the Greeks, however, represents the renewal of determination of their army; th ey are newly characterized as sly, threatening predators, when just pages ago they were described as decidedly less menacing cattleof a great marsh pasture (XV, 630-1). A third element to this simile is the thoughtless shepherd-this communicates that the Trojan leader, Hektor, has failed to sufficiently rally his troops: the imagery places partial blame on Hektor for the disordered scattering of the troops-he is not doing his duty to protect them. Similes of this type occur time and again in The Iliad, but each under their own set of distinct circumstances. Though they are often strictly animal characterizations of warlike activity, this is not always the case. For example, The Myrmidons came streaming out like wasps at the wayside when little boys have got into the habit of making them angry by always teasing them as they live in their house by the roadside; silly boys, they do something that hurts many people (XVI, 259-63). The imagery of the Myrimdons as wasps provides a perfec t image of the soldiers pouring out of their tents as if a solid mass, instead of individual warriors-their bodies actually seem one body, and their spirits all share the same fury. This simile also offers its own perspective regarding the war itself; by characterizing Paris as the little boys-thoughtless and self-indulgent-this piece of imagery is actually placing the full blame of the war on Paris himself (silly boys, they do something that hurts many people). In this way the simile provides not only meticulous detail regarding the sentiments of a particular event, but also gives insight into the war itself-where the action of The Iliad is the storys skeleton, the imagery provides the meat: the description necessary to wholly understand the poems progression. The Odyssey, Homers other famed epic, also uses imagery to clarify elements of the story itself. Odysseus himself provides a bulk of the imagery present in the poem, in order to better communicate his story to the Phiakians (and the reader). Imagery within his retelling of his journeys is essential, as no one has experienced the foreign lands that Odysseus has-he therefore employs rich sensory language when describing such places: In the forest glen [my men] came on the house of Circe. It was in an open place, well-polished, and all about it were lionswaving their long tails and fawningThey stood there in the forecourt of the goddess with the glorious hair, and heard Circe singing in a sweet voice as she went up and down a great design on a loom, immortal such as goddesses have, delicate and lovely and glorious their work (IX, 210-25). This level of description, in contrast to simply stating the facts-the mens arrival at the house of a goddess-are truly necessary not only for Odysseus audience (the Phiakians), but Homers as well. One cannot fully understand the journey of Odysseus without these details, and one cannot access these details sans imagery. Odysseus descriptive imagery continues with his p ainting of Skylla: In that cavern Skylla lives, whose howling is terror. Her voice is only as loud as a new-born puppy could make, but she herself is an evil monsterShe has twelve feet, and all of them wave in the air. She has six necks upon her, grown to great length, and upon each neck there is a horrible head, with teeth in it, set in three rows close together and stiff, full of black death (XII, 85-93). Without such a description of Skylla-or Charybdis, the Cyclops, Sirens, and Lotus-Eaters-not only would Odysseus survival been decidedly less impressive, but his journey, and the story itself, would not have been nearly as monumental. It is the imagery of the storytelling that makes this text epic-the imagery that propels Odysseus voyage from standard to grand, and from mundane to fantastic.

Understanding The Application Of Emotional Intelligence

Connor Hennessy Understanding the Application of Emotional Intelligence In Negotiations The art of negotiation has many factors which can determine the outcome of win, lose, compromise, or in some instances where the negotiation ends in a standstill. One of the more influential factors that can determine an outcome of any negotiation is emotional intelligence. We can expect that with every faucet that goes into negotiation, emotional intelligence ranks higher than most techniques, because it creates an unquantifiable link between the negotiating parties. Emotional Intelligence (EI) has been around for over a decade, however, it is still being developed in the business sector of negotiation. It is recognized by senior and upper level†¦show more content†¦If we exert negative emotions such as anger, irritability, impatience, and sadness we leave ourselves open to manipulation, and create communication barriers that did not exist prior to our outbursts. Spontaneous reactions or negative emotions such as blushing, embarrassment, aggressiveness, or retaliation can reveal or true intentions or our primary goals and objectives. This makes us vulnerable and the other issue can obtain concessions that weren’t originally available. (Lewicki, Saunders, Barry, ‘Negotiation Reading and Exercises 6th Ed. 2009) EI comes into play to help avoid these situations, and to keep us calm and level-headed. Godemans, basic premise on emotional intelligence is taken from ‘Do Purchasing Professionals Need Emotional Intelligence?’ (2002) Godeman introduces EI under the premise of Emotional Quotient (EQ), it gauges the individual’s perceptions and attributes which define EI. In a sense, it’s a benchmark, a measurement of their EI in relation to others. Godeman states these elements as â€Å"The Seven Pillars to EI.† These elements are defined by: Self-Awareness, the ability to recognize your own feelings. 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Strategic Operations Management Nokia Strategy

Question: Describe about the Strategic Operations Management for Nokia Strategy. Answer: Introduction This paper discusses how Nokia went through an organizational change strategy that enabled them find the success of adopting the windows phone platform. The paper analyzes some of the change strategy issues like resistance from stakeholders, conflict with the newly appointed CEO, the waves of resignation and cultural conflict that played during this strategic change(Nokia, 2016). The paper will also discuss marketing issue that included customer resistance, Intels response, network operator resistance and software development challenges. At the end, the paper will discuss ways that Nokia could have overcome some of the challenge that it faced during this time of strategic change. Background Nokia is one of the oldest company in the world. The company began in 1865 as a single paper mill operator by a Finnish Engineer Fredrik Idestam who set up the initial wood pulp mill in Southern Finland. At this, the first foundation of Nokia was layed(Anon., 2016). There are several strategic phases that the company went through and in in 1960 Nokia was a conglomerate which comprised of forestry, rubber, cable, power generation and electronics business. This resulted from a merger of Idestams Nokia AB and the Finnish Cable Works limited, a power cable and telephone producer which was founded in 1912 among other businesses. Through its different strategic journey the Finnish based company has since great geographical rise, from a Finnish focused company until the 80s when it began to experience a European and Nordic presence to becoming an bonafide European company in the 1990s(Nokia, 2016). By this time, Nokia became a multinational company with special focus on mobile and telecommu nication technology. Nokia entered the mobile phone market in the 1980s, by 1990s Nokia corporation launched phones with innovative features among other unique form factors that quickly respond the needs in the existing markets that led it to become one of the largest in the world. The company later on adopted different strategic changes. The nature of changes also affected the company on a larger or smaller scale. It also had an effect on the company operations which are provide in the next sections. Unfortunately, even with new changes, Nokia continued to experience a downturn in sales. Some of the changes proposed for the company included: Aiming to attain volume and value in growth through connecting the company with internet developing markets by the introduction of Nokia Windowss phone which was done through forming a strategic partnership with Microsoft to build a joint mobile ecosystem(Nokia, 2016). The change was also meant to make a focused investment in the next generation technologies through new leadership. The following sections discusses some of the obstacles with the proposed strategic change at Nokia. Employee resistance to strategic change with the new CEO For most companies, one of the most difficult situations that Executives face is resistance to change. This type of resistance usually take a number of forms that contribute to reduction in the companys output, at this the company is bound to experience a lot of employee turnover or transfers, chronic quarrels, hostility and slowdown at work. In most cases when executive experience this kind of resistance, they will tend to explain by assuming that in is normal for people to be difficult to change(Shilov, 2011). However, this was not the case of Nokia, when they resisted their new CEO Stephen Elop. There was employee protest march that followed this change, where thousands of employees marched out of the multimillion company to participate(ccsoya, 2011). They were not happy with the announcement that due to the change they were going to lose their jobs. This brought about a lot of confusion in the company as many of them did not know the way forward about their job roles(Lunden, 2012 ). During his Tenure, Nokias share are also reported to have fallen by 60% even with the new partnership of Microsoft to produce windows phone. The sales started to collapse from the outdated Symbian system to the untested unknown windows choosing it over the more popular android system that was introduced by google(MarketNews, 2012). The large number of these protesters were involved in the Symbian platform which means they were naturally concerned about the future role in the company immediately the partnership of Nokia and windows was fully integrated in the system(Lawton, 2011). This also meant that a bigger number of these employees would be concerned especially after Stephen Elop announced that there would be remarkable reduction of employees in different departments all over the world, those who would be most affected were the Nokia employees and not those of windows technology(Moore, 2012). According to a report by Reuters, Finlands Economy Minister Maura Pekkarinen advised that the restructuring of Nokia to form partnership with Microsoft was one of the largest structural change that ever affected in Finlands technological platform. After the announcement of the partnership, employees and customers alike were against it. At this time the companys share were reported to flop by 14% in the New York Stock exchange while its partners Microsoft shares only went down by 1%(ccsoya, 2011).(Moore, 2012) At this, most employees felt that the move to partnership was premature and was uncalled for. There was also the challenge of cultural differences during this change moment. The first person to point out cultural issues on organizational change was Hofstede in his theory discussing reasons people respond in different perspective to change management. According to Hofstede (2001), on cultural distance shows measures based on different dimensions of Hofstede that include uncertainty avoidance, power distance, masculinity and individualism (Hofstede, 2001). In the most recent times, Hofstede added another fifth dimension which is the long term orientation. However, this has received less attention when compared with the other four. The change management issue at Nokia is based on cultural differences between the CEOs native country and Finland. This was evident between the Scandinavian and the North American cultures. Especially with regard to the Finnish feminine who have a strong uncertainty and avoidance characteristics, were much underestimated. Elop himself being a Canadian was the first non-Finnish CEO of Nokia since 1896. When Nokia was still dominant in 2010 as the largest private company in Finland. In present times, this has changed and the company has a mix of different cultures with only about half of employees being Finnish(Hofstede, 2001). With reference to Hofstede theory of cultural differences, Finland is known to be a feminine country that has a higher rate of uncertainty and avoidance. In this regard, most employees in Finland would prefer to cooperate, care for the less unfortunate and have equal right to life. Finland people also are not used to many uncertainties about life and ways of life, they are always working hard to make sure that such incidences do not occur. Due to this, the shock of having 1000 of employees layed off due to the partnership with Microsoft did not take the country well. All these incidences were blamed at the new CEO Stephen Elop. By the fact that they walked out of his office and marched out against the announcement showed that, they have a strong issue with uncertainty avoidance(BBC, 2012). In contrast, the country that Elop came from, Canada, it has a strong masculine culture that exercises a lot of individualism with low incidences of uncertainty and avoidance. This meant that Elop was used to a culture that people learnt to take care of themselves and such announcement would be taken though with disregard, but with a lot of strive for better achievements and material compensation. This also shows that Elop and his change management experts, did not take time to learn about the cultural differences of the country and that of his native home or that of United States which is the home of Microsoft. For this reason, is proposals were met with a lot of resistance(Lunden, 2012). Customers Resistance According to Hofstede (2001), change in the organisations operations in the market comes with a lot of cost. It will alter its market and force the company to bring about change in its whole business structure. This will involve redefining jobs roles, cutting down positions and creating new posts. In a huge structure such as that of Nokia, power will also be transferred and change in reporting authorities(Shilov, 2011). Hofstede (2001) adds that any organizational change is there to increase efficiency, performance and profits for the organisations. Change will enable organisations meet their goals and come up with new guidelines to cooperate. In this regard, change will also affect the companys products which eventually affects the demand for these products(Andrews, 2012). In Nokia, after the partnership, they were met with a lot of customer resistance to the new partnership. It is devastating to note that even with the new partnership, the company did not do well in the market as it had not strategies to combat resistance from customers. Nokia supporters and Symbian users in the country were angry about the announcement they did not like the fact that Nokia was changing platforms which had created a lot of loyalty and accrued a huge number of users over the years. The outsider windows platform was seen as the biggest enemy since its offering came with the abandonment of their native MeeGo and Symbian. In addition, the network operators were not easy to change to the Nokia ecosystem due to Skype(Kurri, 2012). This voice application makes customers use internet connection to make national and international calls and is provided by Microsoft(Skype, 2016). They knew that introducing the windows phone in the market would eventually affect their network profits as people would easily communication by the use of Skype application once they are connected to the internet. This would put their internationally calling profits to a high time low. However to counter this, Nokia assured network users that they would allow network operators to include Skype as part of their default application which means it would incur extra charges once a customer used it to make national or international call(Meyer, 2011). With regard to software development for the new Nokia windows phone, the company also encountered challenges. This is because Nokia had been supporter of free and open source software (F/OSS)-Qt for a long time(Kurri, 2012). The application framework was embraced as it shared across the MeeGo and Symb(Ziegler, 2011)ian Both of them being projects that were tested and applied. On the other hand, the Microsoft Windows phone was a very proprietary platform like the Apple iOS which its closed source nature limited the freedom of development and innovation at a high degree(MarketNews, 2012). The Nokia platform had a lot of restriction that just saw many developers for the software application that would be used by the operators walk away. Discussion- Overcoming challenges faced by Nokia CEO Stephen Elop As discussed above, managing change is always a difficult task for any leader and there is not perfect ways that one can introduce change in organisations. However there are several areas that Stephen Elop would have considered to ensure that change was implemented. First, it is important to identify the need for change in the company and find ways to demonstrate why it was necessary for Nokia to make partnership with Microsoft. In this regard, as the CEO, one would have to inform employees and other stakeholders on the need for change in the company. It is important to make sure that they understood this need before change took place. At this, it would be necessary to conduct a cultural and customer loyalty analysis to the brand to know how change would be approached. For example due to the fact that Finnish people are of the uncertainty avoidance culture, as a CEO one would assure them of their Job security among other benefits should one be layed off instead of simply putting down to them(wallstreet, 2011). It would also be important for the CEO to consider training the existing employees on the new windows technologies so that they could be absorbed in the new management structure instead of having staff from Microsoft do the work. It is also important to watch out for staff reaction to weigh whether the new strategic direction is well received or would rather implement the change in another ways(Lunden, 2012). At this, a market analysis is also needed to find how customers would embrace the new product once in the market. If these areas were considered, there would be less resistance to change. Conclusion In conclusion, the move by Nokia to create partnership with Microsoft for the manufacturing of windows phone, drastically affected it customer map. It is important that the company come up with a new strategy on how to regain its former glory and improve its market share. References Andrews, R., 2012. Another Nokia Exec Out: UK Head Jumps To Pace As President. [Online] Available at: https://gigaom.com/2010/09/20/419-another-nokia-exec-out-uk-head-jumps-to-pace-as-president/ [Accessed 27 October 2016]. Anon., 2016. Nokia Corp(Nok.N). [Online] Available at: https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/chart?symbol=NOK.N [Accessed 27 October 2016]. BBC, 2012. Nokia cuts another 10,000 jobs as losses deepen. [Online] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-18438052 [Accessed 27 October 2016]. ccsoya, 2011. Nokia employees dont seem to agree with Elop on the Microsoft move. [Online] Available at: https://www.soyacincau.com/2011/02/13/nokia-employees-dont-seem-to-agree-with-elop-on-the-microsoft-move/ [Accessed 28 october 2016]. Hofstede, G., 2001. Cultures consequences:Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations, (2nd ed.),. s.l.:Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage.. Kurri, S., 2012. The story of Nokia MeeGo. [Online] Available at: https://muropaketti.com/artikkelit/the-story-of-nokia-meego [Accessed 27 October 2016]. Lawton, C., 2011. Nokia's Pain Become's Finland's. [Online] Available at: https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304563104576359743926525676 [Accessed 27 October 2016]. Lunden, I., 2012. Nokia Bridge: Nokias Incubator Gives Departing Employees 25k And More To Pursue Ideas That Nokia Has Not. [Online] Available at: https://techcrunch.com/2012/07/10/nokia-bridge-nokias-incubator-gives-departing-employees-e25k-and-more-to-pursue-ideas-that-nokia-has-not/ [Accessed 27 October 2013]. MarketNews, 2012. UPDATE 1-Accenture to cut more ex-Nokia staff in Finland. [Online] Available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/accenture-nokia-idUSL5E8G944P20120509 [Accessed 27 October 2016]. Meyer, D., 2011. Nokia's Elop to sell remaining Microsoft shares. [Online] Available at: https://www.zdnet.com/article/nokias-elop-to-sell-remaining-microsoft-shares-4010021695/ [Accessed 27 October 2016]. Moore, A., 2012. The Final Reckoning: Burning Platforms Memo Damaged Nokia: Wiped out $13B revenues, Destroyed $4B profits in just 12 months. [Online] Available at: https://communities-dominate.blogs.com/brands/2012/06/the-final-reckoning-of-burning-platforms-memo-damaged-nokia-by-wiping-out-13b-in-revenues-and-destro.html [Accessed 27 October 2016]. Nokia, 2016. Home. [Online] Available at: https://www.nokia.com/en_int [Accessed 27 October 2016]. Shilov, A., 2011. Intel: Nokia was a wrong partner. [Online] Available at: https://www.xbitlabs.com/news/mobile/display/20110519215126_Intel_Nokia_Was_a_Wrong_Partner.html [Accessed 27 October 2016]. Skype, 2016. Skype and Microsoft have Big Dreams. [Online] Available at: https://www.skype.com/en/about/#more [Accessed 27 October 2016]. wallstreet, 2011. Full Text: Nokia CEO Stephen Elops Burning Platform Memo. [Online] Available at: https://blogs.wsj.com/tech-europe/2011/02/09/full-text-nokia-ceo-stephen-elops-burning-platform-memo/ [Accessed 27 October 2016]. Ziegler, C., 2011. Nokia CEO Stephen Elop rallies troops in brutally honest 'burning platform' memo? (update: it's real!). [Online] Available at: https://www.engadget.com/2011/02/08/nokia-ceo-stephen-elop-rallies-troops-in-brutally-honest-burnin/ [Accessed 27 October 2016].

Essay Sample Tips

Essay Sample TipsThere are a lot of different types of winning essay samples out there, but there are some things that you should watch out for. It can be hard to find good samples, as they can be so unique and hard to come by. However, if you read on you'll find some of the most helpful tips for winning essay samples.The first thing you should do is do some online research. Go on various writing sites and go through the writers' profiles to see what they have to say about their writing samples. You might even consider getting feedback from other writers on what kind of samples you should look for.It's important to read the descriptions for the samples carefully. While the writer has written about some of the most popular topics on the internet, there is no way to know how genuine that material really is. You should also be careful when you see sample samples that don't actually show actual sample essays on them and don't be afraid to ask for more samples of their writing.You might a lso want to find samples of essays written on a particular topic. This will make it easier to narrow down your choices, as you'll know what kind of topics to look for. The categories might include: essay writing, English composition, research paper, paper or test, dissertations, essays about religion, and others. One of the best examples of essay samples I've seen was on a recent research paper on the life after death, so I can recommend this one.There are some very good essays that I've seen written by students. Students are often very focused and hard working, so their essays are usually very good. This one from a teacher of English offered a tutorial on how to win essay samples in the same vein as the one mentioned above.There are many samples of winning essay samples that don't appear to be original. Instead, they are just easy to understand. If you find some of these on an essay directory, there's a very good chance that they're not original at all. These can also come in the f orm of free sample essays.The final category of winning essay samples is the ones that have some kind of deadline. Typically, these samples offer you a deadline for submission. If you do not meet the deadline then they have no use for you. I was able to get my winnings from samples that were more than a year old, but even if your samples aren't current you might still be able to get a piece of the action.So there you have it, a few tips on finding winning sample essays. Sometimes the samples you see are not original, but they can be found if you take your time and don't give up too easily. Good luck!